Blood type remains a popular form of divination from physiology. (PDF) African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Africa: The … 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. INITIATION IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION. [34] Contemporary methods of divination in Japan include both Western and Chinese astrology, geomancy or feng shui, tarot cards, I Ching (Book of Changes), and physiognomy (methods of reading the body to identify traits). [4] Used in various forms throughout history, diviners ascertain their interpretations of how a querent should proceed by reading signs, events, or omens, or through alleged contact with a supernatural agency.[5]. [35], An import to Japan, Chinese zodiac signs based on the birth year in 12 year cycles (rat, ox, tiger, hare, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, cock, dog, and boar) are frequently combined with other forms of divination, such as so-called 'celestial types' based on the planets (Saturn, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Mercury, or Uranus). Stemming from Western influences, body reading or ninsou, determines personality traits based on body measurements. 2016. Thus, linguistic experts such as Christopher Ehretand Placide Tempels have applied their knowledge of languages towards reconstructing the original core beliefs of the followers of these traditions. Deuteronomy 18:10-12 or Leviticus 19:26 can be interpreted as categorically forbidding divination. [24], Dream interpretation, or oneiromancy (‘ilm ta’bir al-ru’ya), is more specific to Islam than other divinatory science, largely because of the Qur’an’s emphasis on the predictive dreams of Abraham, Yusuf, and Muhammad. EvanM. Both crescents are held out in one's palms and while kneeling, they are raised to the forehead level. INITIATION IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION. For example, if a general wanted to know if the omens were proper for him to advance on the enemy, he would ask his seer both that question and if it were better for him to remain on the defensive. By repetitively casting the cowries, a number of recurrent themes begin to emerge. People can receive divination or curses through magic and witchcraft in the African religion and specialists are tasked to facilitate the process. Some challenge the word "traditional" and prefer "indigenous" since traditional can also include traditional African Islam and Christianity, and are established traditions in African societies. (PDF) God, divinities and spirits in African traditional religious … [citation needed], The Yoruba people of West Africa are internationally known for having developed the Ifá system, an intricate process of divination that is performed by an Awo, an initiated priest or priestess of Orunmila, the spirit of the Yoruba oracle. The divination method of casting lots (Cleromancy) was used by the remaining eleven disciples of Jesus in Acts 1:23-26 to select a replacement for Judas Iscariot. [33], Every civilization that developed in pre-Columbian Mexico, from the Olmecs to the Aztecs, practiced divination in daily life, both public and private. In: Island Dynamics Conference on Folk Belief & Traditions of the Supernatural: Experience, Place, Ritual, & Narrative. [40][41], Specialized diviners called Ob'guega (doctor of Oguega oracle), as well as Ob'Oronmila (doctor of Oronmila oracle) from the Edo people of West Africa, have used divination for thousands of years as a means of foretelling the past, present and future. [18][19] It is important to emphasize the practical nature of divinatory sciences because people from all socioeconomic levels and pedigrees sought the advice of astrologers to make important decisions in their lives. p 31. If both fall flat side up or both fall rounded side up, that can be taken as a failure of the deity to agree. In addition, the method of "casting lots" used in Joshua 14:1-5 and Joshua 18:1-10 to divide the conquered lands of Canaan between the twelve tribes is not seen by some as divination, but as done at the behest of God (Numbers 26:55). Because the seers had such power over influential individuals in ancient Greece, many were skeptical of the accuracy and honesty of the seers. ), are excited to the point of going into meditative trance … That is, once the problem is manifest, the corresponding shrine and spiritual agent can be readily identified. “Power and Protection: Islamic Art and the Supernatural.” Edited by F Leoni. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. [citation needed]. Only those who have been initiated as Saltigues (the Serer high priests and priestesses) can divine the future. It can also be forecasting, by predicting future events, and it may even be interventionist, by intervening in the receptor’s spiritual and physical health or indeed in their destiny. [14] In the constitution of 1572 and public regulations of 1661 of Kur-Saxony, capital punishment was used on those predicting the future. Here the non-material causes of illness are at least as important as the biological or material and, in many places, one can only determine the exact nature of the problem and its corresponding remedy after the fact, through a process involving divination and sacrifice. While belief systems differ all through Afri ca, the core techniques of divination Leoni, F, C Gruber, and P Lory. Eventually, the chair crashes onto a table prepared with wood chips and burlap. It is seen that it is in the chair by an onset of motion. Divination is a consultative institution, and the matter posed to a diviner may range from a query about a few lost coins to high questions of state. Tezcatlipoca is the patron of sorcerers and practitioners of magic. [10], The disadvantage of seers was that only direct yes-or-no questions could be answered. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. Therefore, divination was arguably an accepted practice in the early church. Zuesse DIVINATION AND DEITY IN AFRICAN RELIGIONS Divination as a spiritual phenomenon has had very little written about it, perhaps due in part to the ready labeling of it as a form of magic and therefore irrational, utilitarian, egoistic, and insuffici- ently "religious." Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. African Traditional Religion is very pragmatic and apply to the need as it arises. Many Aztec gods, including central creator gods, were described as diviners and were closely associated with sorcery. That role fell to the seers (Greek: μάντεις). [16], Småland is famous for Årsgång, a practice which occurred until the early 19th century in some parts of Småland. Africa Traditional Religious System as Basis of Understanding … READ PAPER. “Negative poe” is when the flat sides fall downward and abruptly stop; this indicates "No". Schielke, Joska Samuli., and Liza. pp 26-31. "Power and Protection: Islamic Art and the Supernatural. Rohsenow, Hill Gates, and David K. Jordan. There has also been a tendency to suppose that The restoration of a person's relationship with God through the confession and forgiveness of sins is a necessary part of the total healing process.' Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. DIVINATION: IFA DIVINATION. African Traditional Religion is not essentially idolatrous, but it has a tendency to become so if the cult and the symbols of the divinities are so emphasized as to exclude the Supreme Being. [23] The practice culminated in the appearance of the illustrated “Books of Omens” (Fa’lnamas) in the early 16th century, an embodiment of the apocalyptic fears as the end of the millennium in the Islamic calendar approached. Scrying through the use of reflective water surfaces, mirrors, or the casting of lots were among the most widespread forms of divinatory practice. If a distinction is to be made between divination and fortune-telling, divination has a more formal or ritualistic element and often contains a more social character, usually in a religious context, as seen in traditional African medicine. Names can also lend important personality information under name classification which asserts that names bearing certain Japanese vowel sounds (a, i, u, e, o) share common characteristics. Mugambi, 1995). Once in this position, the blocks are dropped and the future can be understood depending on their landing. This paper. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. [35], Methods of assessment in daily life may include self-taken measurements or quizzes. Divination (from Latin divinare, 'to foresee, to foretell, to predict, to prophesy', related to divinus, 'divine'), or "to be inspired by a god," is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual. Neither force would advance until the seer revealed appropriate omens. Some would also say that Gideon also practiced divination, though when he uses a piece of fleece or wool in Judges 6:36-40, he is not attempting to predict the outcome of an important battle; rather, he is communicating with God. A good first way of approaching divination is to consider it as a means of arriving at answers to a personal or social quandary. These diviners are initiated and trained in Iha (divination) of either Ominigbon or Oronmila (Benin Orunmila). The important delineation within the practice lies between “incoherent dreams” and “sound dreams,” which were “a part of prophecy” or heavenly message. The practitioner needed to be skilled enough to apply the individual dream to general precedent while appraising the singular circumstances. The Islamic dialogue with African traditional religion: Divination and health care. In northern Ghana, by adapting to traditional methods of divination, Islam is gradually introducing a future perspective and expanding the possibilities of preventive action. The introduction of such cards began by the 1930s and reached prominence 1970s. [12], In 692 the Quinisext Council, also known as the "Council in Trullo" in the Eastern Orthodox Church, passed canons to eliminate pagan and divination practices. [36], A common act of divination in Taiwan is called the Poe. Personality can also be divined using cardinal directions, the four elements (water, earth, fire, air), and yin-yang. The “science of the sand” (‘ilm al-raml), otherwise translated as geomancy, is “based on the interpretation of figures traced on sand or other surface known as tetragrams.”[22] It is a good example of Islamic divination at a popular level. Visions derived from hallucinogens were another important form of divination, and are still widely used among contemporary diviners of Mexico. It has supplied answers and direction to many African life, ... Mediums, or divination, fortune telling Offering some rituals The local healers prescribe certain plants and … The courtly sanction and elite patronage of Muslim rulers benefited astrologers’ intellectual statues.[21]. [8], The Oracle of Amun at the Siwa Oasis was made famous when Alexander the Great visited it after conquering Egypt from Persia in 332 BC.[9]. “Power and Protection: Islamic Art and the Supernatural.” Edited by F Leoni. The diviner need not give advice, Islamic dialogue with African traditional religion for the cowries have said everything. African traditional religions and Indigenous African religions are both common terms used to discuss the subject of indigenous faiths found within Africa. Edited by F Leoni. That said, divination is also a ritual and a tradition, ‘constituted by, and constituting, an ongoing dialogu… Leoni, F, C Gruber, and P Lory. [26], The power of text held significant weight in the “science of letters” (‘ilm al-huruf), the foundational principle being “God created the world through His speech.”[27] The science began with the concept of language, specifically Arabic, as the expression of “the essence of what it signifies.”[27] Once the believer understood this, while remaining obedient to God’s will, they could uncover the essence and divine truth of the objects inscribed with Arabic like amulets and talismans through the study of the letters of the Qur’an with alphanumeric computations. There are approximately 144 different women's magazines, known as nihon zashi koukoku kyoukai, published in Japan aimed at this audience.[35]. The casual or solemn nature of the matter is normally matched by that of the diviner in terms of attitude, technique, … Download Full PDF Package. There is a small wooden chair, and around the sides of the chair are small pieces of wood that can move up and down in their sockets, this causes a clicking sounds when the chair is moved in any way. This is what made scholars such as Mbiti (1969,p.1), Parrinder (1954,p.9) and Mugambi (1995) conclude that Africans are notoriously, incurably and reputably religious respectively. Among many examples it is one of central tenets of Serer religion in Senegal. "Power and Protection: Islamic Art and the Supernatural. Among the more common hallucinogenic plants used in divination are morning glory, jimson weed, and peyote. It is important as Yeye Maya Angelo passed the torch of learning that, “as we learn we must teach” and this is … In the modern era, it has been dismissed by the scientific community and skeptics as being superstition; experiments do not support the idea that divination techniques can actually predict the future more reliably or precisely than would be possible without it. 33, no. 1 AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION 14 1.1 Nature, Fundamentals and Principles 14 1.1.1 The Origin of African Traditional Religion 16 1.1.2 Features of African Traditional Religion 18 1.1.3 Various Elements 19 1.1.4 The Place of Cult 20 1.1.5 Private worship 21 1.1.6 Public Worship 21 1.2 Documentation of African Traditional Religion 22 "Power and Protection: Islamic Art and the Supernatural." This divinatory aspect of healing serves to reinforce society's code of behavior. [31] Other scholars justified esoteric sciences by comparing a practitioner to “a physician trying to heal the sick with the help of the same natural principles.”[32], Divination was a central component of ancient Mesoamerican religious life. [13] Fortune-telling and other forms of divination were widespread through the Middle Ages. ... the most prominent of which is known as “Ifa Divination”. Download PDF. 2016. Particular divination methods vary by culture and religion. ), are excited to the point of going into meditative trance in response to rhythmic or driving drumming or singing. As the blocks are being dropped the question is said in a murmur, and if the answer is yes, the blocks are dropped again. The Ifá divination system, which makes use of an extensive corpus of texts and mathematical formulas, is perhaps the most widespread means of divination practiced among Yoruba communities and by the African diaspora in the Americas and the Caribbean. 2016. [33], Although Japan retains a history of traditional and local methods of divination, such as onmyōdō, contemporary divination in Japan, called uranai, derives from outside sources. “Power and Protection: Islamic Art and the Supernatural.” Edited by F Leoni. “Power and Protection: Islamic Art and the Supernatural.” Edited by F Leoni. “Power and Protection: Islamic Art and the Supernatural.” Edited by F Leoni. The degree to which seers were honest depends entirely on the individual seers. Tarot cards may adapt the images of Japanese historical figures, such as high priestess Himiko (170–248CE) or imperial court wizard Abe no Seimei (921–1005CE) . As such, magazines targeted at women in their early-to-mid twenties feature the highest concentration of personality assessment guides. Other systems include the casting of kola nuts, sixteen cowries, and Opele (divination chain). African Traditional Religion (ATR) or African Religion in this paper gave meaning and a sense of purpose to all aspects of thought and action (cf. [28], In Islamic practice in Senegal and Gambia, just like many other West African countries, diviners and religious leaders and healers were interchangeable because Islam was closely related with esoteric practices (like divination), which were responsible for the regional spread of Islam. The Diviner in African Religion. Galvan, Dennis Charles, "The State Must be our Master of Fire : How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal", Berkeley, University of California Press, (2004), pp 86-135, "Lewis and Short's Latin Lexicon via the Perseus Project (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu)", "LacusCurtius • Greek and Roman Divination (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)", "Lucian of Samosata : Alexander the False Prophet", "Council of Trullo - Apostolic Confraternity Seminary", "Wiccan Priest Fights Local Ordinance Banning Fortune Telling (Louisiana)", "Swedish year walk: from folk tradition to computer game. “The Poe” translated to English means “moon boards”. When there is a positive fall, it is called “Sacred poe”, although the negative falls are not usually taken seriously. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. "[37] While these differences exist, Japanese tarot cards function similarly to their Western counterparts. His name means "smoking mirror," a reference to a device used for divinatory scrying. If the blocks land one rounded and one flat, the deity indicates "Yes", or positive. The adaptation of the Western divination method of tarot cards into Japanese culture presents a particularly unique example of contemporary divination as this adaptation mingles with Japan's robust visual culture. Communicating with God through prayer may in some cases be considered divination; both are open, typically two-way conversations with God. Japanese tarot cards were originally created by men, often based on the Rider-Waite-Smith tarot published by the Rider Company in London in 1909. Many of these goals of healing are being met by the traditional African practice of divination. Many traditional healers and practitioners are of the opinion that disobeying taboos is one of the ways people could become sick (Gyekye 1995:133). Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. The characters on the table are then traced and these are said to be written by the deity who possessed the chair, these characters are then interpreted for the devotees. The various divinities that are represented are in fact technically representatives or servants of the Supreme Being. Edited by F Leoni.". He was initiated and upon his return brought to the USA, Nana Asuo Gyebi, Esi Ketewaa and Adade Kofi shrines. African divination is divination practiced by cultures of Africa. Note the liminality in space and time—a common feature of many African divination systems. Copyright © 1993 Published by Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(93)90007-Q. In African traditional religion, human beings possess immoral spirits, hence the concept of the living-dead. Generally occurring on Christmas and New Year's Eve, it is a practice in which one would fast and keep themselves away from light in a room until midnight to then complete a set of complex events to interpret symbols encountered throughout the journey to foresee the coming year. A short summary of this paper. The deities and spirits are honored through libation, sacrifice (of animals, vegetables, or precious metals). To make sure the answer is definitely a yes, the blocks must fall in a “yes” position three times in a row. One tarot card collector claimed to have accumulated more than 1,500 Japan-made decks of tarot cards. Various methods exist for divining personality type. [citation needed], Seers were not in direct contact with the gods; instead, they were interpreters of signs provided by the gods. Numerology, which utilizes methods of diving 'birth numbers' from significant numbers such as birth date, may also reveal character traits of individuals. Leoni, F, C Gruber, and P Lory. Japanese tarot cards are created by professional artists, advertisers, and fans of tarot. Divination and cursing through magic and witchcraft With magic, mystical powers can give people the ability to walk on fire, send curses and lucky charms to people over distances. The will of God is sought by the believer also through consultation of oracular deities, or divination. 2016. [17], In Islam, astrology (‘ilm ahkam al-nujum), the most widespread divinatory science, is the study of how celestial entities could be applied to the daily lives of people on earth. As scholars learned esoteric sciences, they joined local non-Islamic aristocratic courts, who quickly aligned divination and amulets with the “proof of the power of Islamic religion.”[29] So strong was the idea of esoteric knowledge in West African Islam, diviners and magicians uneducated in Islamic texts and Arabic bore the same titles as those who did. Used in various forms throughout history, diviners ascertain their interpretations of how a querent should proceed by reading signs, events, or omens, or through alleged contact with a supernatural agency. Divination occurs neither during day nor at night, and neither in the village nor in the bush. 2016. [30], From the beginning of Islam, there "was (and is) still a vigorous debate about whether or not such [divinatory] practices were actually permissible under Islam,” with some scholars like Abu-Hamid al Ghazili (d. 1111) objecting to the science of divination because he believed it bore too much similarity to pagan practices of invoking spiritual entities that were not God. West and Central African religious practices generally manifest themselves in communal ceremonies or divinatory rites in which members of the community, overcome by force (or ashe, nyama, etc. If the seer gave consistent answers, the advice was considered valid. Referring to the cuteness of tarot cards, Japanese model Kuromiya Niina was quoted as saying "because the images are cute, even holding them is enjoyable. Cards are shuffled and cut into piles then used to forecast the future, for spiritual reflection, or as a tool for self-understanding. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. The satirist, Lucian, devoted a witty essay to Alexander the false prophet. [6][7] In antiquity it was attacked by philosophers such as the Academic skeptic Cicero in De Divinatione and the Pyrrhonist Sextus Empiricus in Against the Astrologers. 2016. Michelle Chari. [citation needed], "Divining" redirects here. “Divination and Islam: Existential Perspectives in the Study of Ritual and Religious Praxis in Senegal and Gambia.”, Francis, Edgar W. "Magic and Divination in the Medieval Islamic Middle East.". , Ritual, & Narrative 1851–1989: a Select Bibliography - S. … this is true! 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Type remains a popular form of divination were widespread through the Middle Ages for Årsgång, a number recurrent.

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